Traditional peoples as agents of co-regulation: an analysis of the level of participation in the development of management plans for federal protected areas in Brazil
1. Protected areas; 2. Traditional peoples and territories; 3. Social participation; 4. Internormativity; 5. Co-regulation.
The integration of the voices and knowledge of traditional peoples into the regulation of protected areas is essential to overcoming the limitations of contemporary environmental law and to addressing the complex challenges that shape the relationship between nature and human beings. The traditional process of producing legal norms, historically centralized within the State, has proven insufficient, opening space for the participation of new actors in the construction of regulatory frameworks. Based on this premise, this research investigated the level of participation of traditional peoples in the production of norms related to federal protected areas in Brazil, with the aim of assessing whether such participation reaches a level capable of configuring a dynamic of internormativity that enables their recognition as genuine co-regulatory agents. The analysis focused on management plans, the main legal instrument for the governance of these areas, through documentary research that encompassed both the applicable legal framework and administrative procedures for drafting such instruments. To complement and confront this analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials from the federal environmental management agency and with members of traditional peoples who directly participated in the formulation of management plans. These interviews made it possible to capture the perceptions of different actors and to identify convergences and divergences between their accounts and the documentary data. The results demonstrate that traditional peoples are consolidating their role as co-regulatory agents in federal protected areas in Brazil, in an evolution driven more by the maturation of institutional practices and their own political action than by strict normative imposition. By highlighting this role, the research seeks to contribute to the strengthening of a governance model that recognizes and integrates the leading role of traditional peoples in environmental management, consolidating their importance in the production of norms that protect their rights and support biodiversity conservation.