The Language of Metamorphosis: The Use of "Nominal Past and Future" Morphemes in Narratives
tense, aspect, and mood; nominal past and future; Tupinambá, Apyãwa, and Nheengatu.
In general, the categories of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM) are associated with verbs, given
that verbs move through time more easily and frequently, in addition to conveying information
about duration, completion, and the speaker's attitude toward the described event (cf. Givón,
2001; Comrie, 1976). However, it has been observed that some languages—such as Paraguayan
Guarani, a language of the Tupi-Guarani (TG) family—exhibit tense and aspect categories
linked to nominal phrases (cf., for example, Nordlinger & Sadler (1998) and (2004); Barron
(1998); Tonhauser (2002) and (2007)). Like Paraguayan Guarani, other languages in the TG
family also have forms sometimes referred to as tense, sometimes as aspect, associated with
nominal phrases, represented by cognates of pwér (‘past’) and rám (‘future’). In this regard,
this research selected three languages of the TG family—Tupinambá, Apyãwa, and
Nheengatu—to expand the discussion on the so-called "nominal past" and "nominal future," in
order to assess whether these forms truly represent nominal tense or whether they align more
closely with aspect. For the analysis, the Tupinambá data were drawn from a series of narratives
produced during the colonial period by Jesuit priests; for Apyãwa and Nheengatu, mythical
narratives collected in fieldwork by Praça (2007) and Cruz (2011), respectively, were used.
Thus, this study addresses and discusses data from narratives, i.e., real usage in these languages,
which sets it apart from previous studies that have relied solely on elicited data.